Diseases and parasites of sunflower culture

The sunflower is a popular technical plant that is part of the family Asteraceae. The seeds of this plant contain high quantities of oil, up to 55%. Sunflower oil is used in the food industry, in the biofuels industry and in the production of soap, which is why this plant is intensely grown globally. On the sowing of this plant in which you can read This articleAnd today we show you what are the main diseases and parasites that influence the culture of sunflowers, as you can prevent them and fight them.

The main diseases that affect the culture of sunflower

The diseases of sunflower culture are divided into bacteriosis and mycosis. Here are the main diseases in each category, which influence the culture of sunflower:

Bacterize

Bacterial burning

Bacterial burning, with the scientific name of Pseudomonas syringae pv HeliantiIt is a disease that causes young leaves to have variable spots in shape and size, surrounded by a light halo. On the mature leaves of the plant, the spots are corner and delimited by the ribs and the spots come together, covering great portions of the tongue. The tissues attacked by the bacterial burn are brown and dry and the leaves obtain a wrinkled appearance. If the weather is cold and humid, the bacterial exudate appears on the surface of the spots.

In order to prevent this disease, it is advisable to use seed from healthy cultures and to respect the rotation of culture of 4-5 years.

mycosis

Mana

The hand of the sunflower, with the scientific name of Plasmopara HeliantiIt is a mushroom and affects plants in all development phases. The most serious effects of the disease occur in young plants. When the plants are attacked by the hand, they are dwarfs, they have short and thin stems and the leaves are small and crammed. On the upper part of the leaves affected by the hand, chlorotic spots appear and in the lower part a white Micelian laurel appears. The radical system is poorly developed and dries before the formation of the seed. The appearance of this disease is favored by moderate temperatures, 15-18 ° C and high humidity.

In Order to Prevent the Wsteth of the Hand in The Sunflower Culture, it is Recommended to Cultivate The Resistant Varieties and Hybrids, to Eliminate The Plants Attacked from the Culture, to Respect the Rotation of the Crop at 4-5 Years, to use the Seeds from Healthy Crops, to Harvest in The The Optimal era and to performers the Treatments use the Treatments. fungicide specific.

White putrefaction

White rot, with the scientific name of Sclerotinia SclerotiorumIt is one of the most harmful diseases of sunflower culture. This mushroom attacks the plants in all phases of the vegetation and the attack manifested in the sowing phase determines the fall and rot. In the case of the attack on mature plants, the mushroom develops at the base of the stem, where it manifests itself from the appearance of a Michelian white felt. The tissues attacked by the white putrefaction are brown and rot. The leaves of the plants attacked offer and the plants fall to the ground. Pasla Bianca Miceliana can also appear on the Cail. A whitish mold develops between Achene. In the case of the seeds, those infected with white rot have a discolored cortex, breaks slightly and form a brown nucleus, whose taste is unpleasant.

In order to prevent the appearance of white rot in the culture of sunflower, it is recommended to respect the rotation of culture at 4-6 years, balanced fertilization, plant healthy seeds, destruction of weeds in culture, cultivation of resistant hybrids and application of treatments before and after flowering.

The gray rot

The gray rot, with the scientific name of Botrytis CinereaIt is a mushroom, attacks the Cails in the valleys rich in rain. This mushroom causes tissue putrefaction, which are covered by a gray mold. The mushroom reaches the achene, which they cover with mold. Following the attack on gray putrefaction, the seeds are brown and dry, forgive the skills of germination and can transmit the infection in the coming years.

In order to prevent this disease, it is recommended to respect the rotation of culture at 4-6 years, the use of healthy seeds, the cultivation of resistant hybrids, the balanced fertilization, the destruction of the weeds and the application of treatments before and after flowering.

Brown spot

Brown coloring, with the scientific name of Diaporthe HeliantiIt is a mushroom and causes significant damage in conditions of strong rains and high temperatures. Ellipsoidal spots or brown injuries appear on the leaves and stems affected by this disease, delimited by yellow areas. The stains can evolve until they cover the entire leaf. In the case of a powerful attack, the entire plant has a charred appearance.

In order to prevent this disease, it is advisable to respect the rotation of culture at 4-6 years, the balanced fertilization, to destroy weeds in culture, cultivate resistant hybrids and perform treatments with specific fungicides.

Black spot

Black spot, with the scientific name of Phoma Oleracea Var HeliantiIt is a disease whose main form of attack occurs on the stems, in the place of the tightening of the leaves. The disease manifests itself from the appearance of black brown spots, of various sizes, delimited by healthy tissues. With the evolution of the disease, the spots break and destroy the mechanical resistance of plants. This winters mushroom on plant debris from the soil surface.

In order to prevent this disease, it is recommended to use healthy seeds, the correct rotation of culture, the cultivation of resistant hybrids and the treatment with specific fungicides.

Rust

Rust, with the scientific name of Puccinla HeliantiIt is a disease that occurs in early spring. The first symptoms of the disease occur on the leaves, with the appearance of yellow spots. The disease also evolves in the early summer, when the spots become brown and, in autumn, these points have a black color. It is a common disease in sunflower culture and can cause significant losses.

In order to prevent this disease, it is recommended to destroy weeds and samulas, balanced fertilization, cultivation of resistant hybrids, conformity with the rotation of crops and perform treatments using specific fungicides.

Blight

Alternarious, with the scientific name of Alternaria HeliantiIt is a mushroom whose attack causes the weakening of plants due to the partial destruction of the main ships. Attack all the aerial organs of the plant. On the leaves affected by Alternarious there are spots of various shapes, brown and surrounded by a light halo. On the stem, the attack is manifested by the appearance of long and thin points. The fabrics next to the stains are necrosis. Initially calaidia have points of discoloring, which are immersed in the fabric and brown.

In order to prevent the occurrence of this disease, optimal density for sowing is recommended, the cultivation of resistant hybrids, balanced fertilization and performing treatments with specific fungicides.

Septoriaza

Setttoriosis, with the scientific name of Septoria HeliantiIt is a mushroom that is often found in the culture of sunflowers, but does not cause significant damage. In combination with other pathogens, cuttlefish can stop plants. On the leaves affected by the attack of this disease, points of various forms appear, yellow-green and inside the spots form black spots, which represent the fruits of the mushroom. The tissues attacked by the cuttlefish die and the leaves dry.

In order to prevent the occurrence of sectosis, it is recommended to use healthy seeds, an optimal density in sowing, respecting the rotation of the culture at 4-6 years, the cultivation of resistant hybrids and the execution of specific fungicides.

The main parasites of sunflower culture

Together with the diseases that attack the sunflower, there are some parasites that can attack this plant. Here are the main parasites in sunflower culture:

The sunflower from the sunflower

Have the scientific name of Omoeosoma NebulellaThe sunflower moth is a parasite that develops two generations per year and winter as larva in the ground. Although the insect attacks more family plants AsteraceaeThe most important damage it produces are those in the culture of sunflower. The larvae consume pollen or attack the floral organs and in the wounds have produced various pathogens. The organs attacked by sunflower moth are covered by silk yarn and excrements.

In order to prevent and combat this parasite, it is recommended to plow deep before creating culture, cultivating resistant hybrids, destruction of weeds and performing treatments with insecticide specific.

The small pugnic lice

Have the scientific name of Brachycaudus HelichrysiSmall punch lice are an insect that attacks Sed trees in particular, but can cause significant damage in sunflower culture. Its colonies are installed on the leaves or on inflorescences not leaves. The fabrics attacked by this insect are twisted and yellow and the plants form small, with dry seeds.

In order to prevent and combat this parasite, it is recommended to sow soon and perform specific insecticides.

The corn

Have the scientific name of Tantimecus dilatellisCornului rțiyondara has one generation per year and winter as an adult in the ground. Adults appear at the end of March, when temperatures exceed 9 ° C. it is a polyphaga species, but the largest damage caused by corn is in the culture of corn and sunflower. Adults bring the leaves from the emergency phase. The insect is no longer a danger once the plant has formed 3-4 real leaves.

In order to prevent and combat this insect, it is recommended to make a deep plow before setting the crop, early sowing, the treatment of seeds before sowing and treatments applied in the vegetation using specific insecticides.

Working worms

Have the scientific name of Agriotes sp.Wire Worms are the larvae of Pocker's cockroaches. There are insects that winter in the ground as different age larvae and develop a generation at 4-5 years. They are very dangerous because their attack cannot be identified quickly. The wire worm consume the radical system, then the system offers and dies.

In order to prevent and combat worms flush, it is recommended for a deep autumn plowing, rotating less attached species (such as peas, beans, soy or mustard), the treatment of seeds before sowing, applying mineral fertilizers that have a harmful action on these insects and performing specific treatments.

The scarabeo of earth

Have the scientific name of Opatrum SablesThe winters of terrestrial cockroaches as an adult in the surface layer of the ground. The attack recalls that of the corn. The big attacks are generally produced in the first sowing crops. In drought conditions, damages can reach up to 60%.

In order to prevent and combat this parasite, deep autumn plowing is recommended, the rotation cultivation of less attached species (such as peas, beans, soybeans and mustard), treatment of seeds before sowing and performing specific insecticides.

Conclusion

There are a variety of diseases and parasites that can influence the culture of sunflowers. It is important to know what they are, how to recognize their attack and what the main prevention and combat methods are, so that you can protect your possible culture from the suffering significant damage.